Portraits and self-portraits

1. The first order of business is to engage your subject. This is where we all have to learn to overcome our shyness and approach people in an open and friendly manner. Be up front about who you are and what you're doing. Don't just barge into a scene with your cameras blazing. 
2. 

 Experiment with Lighting

Another element of randomness that you can introduce to your portraits is the way that you light them. There are almost unlimited possibilities when it comes to using light in portraits.

3. 

 Play with Eye Contact

Looking off camera – have your subject focus their attention on something unseen and outside the field of view of your camera. This can create a feeling of candidness and also create a little intrigue and interest as the viewer of the shot wonders what they are looking at.

 Looking within the frame – alternatively you could have your subject looking at something (or someone) within the frame. 

Part 2:

This would be environmental portrait to me because it really shows his environment. It looks hot and dry and he looks like he is struggling. 

This would be photography self portrait because he is taking pictures of different angles of his face. 

This would be casual portrait because the girl doesn't look like she's trying